RACE RELATIONS, 1900 UNTIL TODAY

NOTE:  For info about school integration, see also Schools & Colleges

OVERVIEWS

JAX INFO BY YEAR & TIME PERIOD

OVERVIEWS

NOTE:  For info about school integration, see also Schools & Colleges

• AFRICAN AMERICAN & NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS -- This website gives a lengthy history of the relations between African Americans and Native Americans in Florida.  Much of the history concentrates on the Florida's Seminole Indians.  Info about Zephaniah & Anna Kingsley is also provided.  The history was prepared by the U.S. Department of Defense.

• "CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN FLORIDA"-- An history article that begins in about the year 1900.  From "Florida: Now & Then."

• FLORIDA HERITAGE COLLECTION -- Info about the subjects on this webpage may be available at the the marvelous "Florida Heritage Collection." This website gives full-text, online copies of hundreds of Florida books.  NOTE: When you get to the website, you can search in different ways.  These searches include by "Florida Themes" or by "Florida History Timeline."  You can also search by "Florida County" and by "Keywords."  With keyword searching, just type in "Jacksonville," "Duval County," or other keywords, such as words from a title.  ALSO NOTE:  Many of the individual Jacksonville items in the Florida Heritage Collection are listed in JacksonvilleStory.com, the site you're now in. However, Jacksonville info can often be found in books about Florida in general. Many of theses books are at the Florida Heritage Collection website.

JAX INFO BY YEAR & TIME PERIOD

NOTE:  For info about school integration, see also Schools & Colleges

• 1901 -- RACISM DURING GREAT FIRE -- Florida Times-Union entitled "As Great Fire Raged in City, Racism May Have Smoldered," by Sharon Weightman.  

• 1950s-- SEGREGATION IN JAX -- Florida Times Union article entitled "Jim Crow's Hold in City was Strong," by Camilla Perkins Thompson.  Describes racism in Jacksonville during the 1950s.  

• 1950s -- SEGREGATION -- Florida Times-Union article entitled "Separate, Yet 'Parallel Lives'," by John Carter.  Tells about segregation in Northeast Florida as remembered by Bill Maxwell & Beverly Coyle. Article furnished online by WritersReaders.org.

• 1950s -- SEGREGATION -- Press releases from various publications about Parallel Lives, a book by Bill Maxwell & Beverly Coyle.  The press releases were furnished online by WritersReaders.org.    

• 1950s -- SEGREGATION -- Web page for info about the book Parallel Lives, by Bill Maxwell & Beverly Coyle.  Web page provided by WritersReaders.org. 

• MID 1900s -- RIGHT TO VOTE DENIED -- Article called "Florida's Legacy of Voter Disenfranchisement," by Jerry White.  From the "World Socialist Web Site."  Describes how Florida's African Americans were denied the right to vote for many years.

• MID 1900s -- SUMMARY OF CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN JAX -- Florida Times-Union entitled "Civil Rights Came Slowly to Florida," by Sharon Weightman.  Gives a brief overview of the rise of the Civil Rights movement in the Jacksonville area.   

• MID 1900s -- MEMORIES OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS -- Fascinating Florida Times-Union article entitled "Civil Rights."  Gives info about the fight for integration in Jacksonville.  Provides the reminisces of Alton W. Yates, a long-time civil rights activist in Jacksonville.

• MID 1900s -- THE NAACP & JACKSONVILLE'S RACE RELATIONS -- Historical info about Jacksonville branch of the NAACP.  Also given is info about the city's race relations.  Furnished on the University of South Florida web site.

• MID 1900s -- HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE URBAN LEAGUE -- History of the Jacksonville Urban League, furnished by the League.  BACKGROUND INFO:  The Jacksonville Urban League was established in 1946.  It was founded by an interracial group of prominent citizens who were concerned about conditions affecting the city's African Americans.

• MID 1900s -- REMEMBRANCES -- Florida Times-Union article entitled "Her Memories Are of Another Jacksonville," by Nicole McGill.  Tells about Kitty Oliver, who is the author of Multicolored Memories of a Black Southern Girl.

• 1940-1960 -- RACE RELATIONS -- Florida Times-Union book review by Ann Hyman.  Reviews the book Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-1970, by Abel A. Bartley. The book tells about race relations in Jacksonville.  The Times-Union book review passes along historical info about race relations.  

• 1952 -- HISTORIC CONCERT IN JAX -- Info about the first concert in modern Florida history that could boast of an integrated audience.  Was given by the renowned singer Marian Anderson in Jacksonville.  Info provided by JacksonvilleStory.com.

• LATE 1950s -- INTEGRATION OF GOLF COURSE -- Pocono (Pennsylvania) Record article that gives info about the attempt to integrate Jacksonville's Brentwood Golf Course during that late 1950s.  The effort was headed by local African American police officer Frank Hampton.

• LATE 1950s -- INTEGRATION OF GOLF COURSE -- A December, 2000, Palm Beach Gazette article that tells about the start of a new program at the old Brentwood Golf Course in Jacksonville.  The program is called The First Tee, and it makes golf more accessible and affordable to inner-city kids.  The newspaper article also provides info about the attempts during the late 1950s to integrate the course.

• 1960 -- MLK -- Florida Times-Union called "A Visit by King Provided the Spark."  Tells about Martin Luther King's presentation of a speech in Jacksonville in 1960.  The article gives newscaster Mack Freeman's memories of the event. 

• 1960 -- AX HANDLE SATURDAY -- Florida Times-Union article called "40 Years Ago this Weekend, Jacksonville Gave Itself a National Reputation for Violence," by Alliniece T. Andino.   Tells about Ax Handle Saturday, an infamous race riot in 1960.   

• 1960 -- AX HANDLE SATURDAY -- Florida Times-Union article called "A Day Two Friends Fighting for Civil Rights Would Rather Remember Not to Forget," by Tara McParland.  Gives recollections about Ax Handle Saturday.  

• 1960 -- AX HANDLE SATURDAY -- Interesting Florida Times-Union article entitled "Violence Led a Youth on Peacekeeping Path."  An interview with Nat Glover, the very popular African American Sheriff of Jacksonville.  BACKGROUND INFO: Glover recalls Ax Handle Saturday, the bloody race riot in 1960.  As a teenager, Glover was employed at Morrison's Cafeteria on Monroe Street.  On his way home  from work, he was confronted by an armed mob of white segregationists.  Long after this encounter, Glover eventually became the first African American elected as a Florida sheriff during the 20th Century.

• 1960 -- AX HANDLE SATURDAY -- Florida Times-Union article entitled "Activists reclaim day in history: Marker notes social change," by Alliniece T. Andino.  Tell about marker erected in memory of Ax Handle Saturday.

• 1960 -- AX HANDLE SATURDAY -- Florida Times-Union article entitled "Civil rights event."  Tells about a plaque commemorating Ax Handle Saturday. NOTE:  When you get to this webpage, go about 1/2 down it to see the article.

• 1964 -- BOMBING OF JAX HOUSE -- Florida-Times Union article entitled "Pair Recall Civil Rights Struggle, Begin New One," by Cynthia L. Garza.  Tells about the bombing of the Jacksonville house where Iona Godfrey King and her son Donal lived.  Donal had been the first African American student to Lackawanna Elementary School in 1963.  The bombing was racially motivated. 

• 1964 -- BOMBING OF JAX HOUSE -- Present-day student essays in regard to the racial bombing of the Jacksonville house where Iona Godfrey King and her son Donal lived. 

• 1964 -- BOMBING OF JAX HOUSE -- Florida Times-Union article entitled "Bomb Victims Help Each Other," by Jessie Lynne-Kerr.  Is in regard to the racial bombing of the Jacksonville house where Iona Godfrey King and her son Donal lived. 

• 1964 -- BOMBING OF JAX HOUSE -- A present-day photo of Donal Godfrey and Iona Godfrey King.

• 1964 -- RACIAL MURDER OF JOHNNIE MAE CHAPPELL -- Fascinating Folio Weekly story entitled "Murder on New King's Road," by Susan Clark Armstrong.  Tells about the 1964 racial killing of a local African American, Mrs. Johnnie Mae Chappell, a mother of ten children.  The event intensified the ugly racial feelings that Jacksonville experienced at the time.    

• 1964 -- HONORING JOHNNIE MAE CHAPPELL -- St. Petersburg Times article from November, 2000, entitled "Cry for Justice Finally Heard," by Adam C. Smith.  Describes how Chappell was honored by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which is one of the nation's leading civil rights groups.  BACKGROUND INFO: The SPLC rededicated its Civil Rights Memorial in Chappell's honor, adding her name to its roster of Civil Rights martyrs.  By being included in this list, Chappell became the first Floridian to join such luminaries as Martin Luther King Jr. and the children who were killed in the infamous Birmingham church bombing.

• 1964 -- COMMEMORATING JOHNNIE MAE CHAPPELL -- St. Petersburg Times article from April, 2000, entitled "Remembering Mama," by Adam C. Smith.  Tells how Chappell's family commemorated the anniversary of her death.

• 1964 -- INFO ABOUT JOHNNIE MAE CHAPPELL -- Brief info about Chappell, from the Southern Poverty Law Center's roster of Civil Rights martyrs.

• 1960s -- ST. AUGUSTINE -- "Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine: Report of the Legislative Investigation Committee" (Is from 1965) -- NOTE:  The entire text of this source is available online.  It's provided in the wonderful website called the "Florida Heritage Collection," maintained by the State University System of Florida.   When you get to the website, you can search by keywords.  Just type in "Jacksonville," or "Duval County," or other keywords, such as words from a title.  ALSO NOTE: Most of the individual Jacksonville items in the Florida Heritage Collection are listed in JacksonvilleStory.com, the site you're now in. 

• 1960s -- ST. AUGUSTINE -- Listen to an audio report entitled  "Remembering St. Augustine 1964. Tells about racial incidents in that city.  Provided by the Florida Humanities Council.  NOTE: When you get to the webpage, click on the heading "Last Month's Programs."  Keep clicking this heading until you get to the page that contains the audio report you want. 

• 1969 JAX RACIAL VIOLENCE -- Florida Times-Union article entitled "Millennium Moment: November 1, 1969," by Charlie Patton.  Tells about racial violence in the area of Florida Avenue in East Jacksonville in 1969.